Against Rome -

Not all who fought Rome came from without; many of the fiercest struggles originated within the empire's borders.

Masada: A heroic last stand against Rome - Princeton University Press Against Rome

The most famous external challenges to Rome often came from powerful neighboring states that viewed the growing Republic as an existential threat. Not all who fought Rome came from without;

In the East, the Parthians dealt Rome one of its greatest military disasters at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE. Their superior cavalry and mounted archers annihilated the legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus , stalling Roman expansion into Persia for centuries. Internal Resistance: The Struggle for Liberty Their superior cavalry and mounted archers annihilated the

Cicero considered Mithradates the greatest king since Alexander. He orchestrated the "Asiatic Vespers," a coordinated killing of 80,000 Romans and their allies, and fought three major wars against Rome’s top generals for decades.